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pimplem

Implementation of the Thermodynamic Simulation Method * Description / How Chemical Perturbation works. * File Formats / Output File Formats for Chemical Perturbation. * IC Implementation / Implementation and File Formats for Internal Coordinate Perturbation
Top How the Chemical Perturbation Energy Calculation Works For thermodynamic perturbation calculations the atoms making up the system described by the hybrid Hamiltonian, H(lambda), can be divided into four groups. 1) The environment part - all atoms that do not change during the perturbation. E.g., for ethanol -> propane the solvent and the terminal methyl group. 2) The reactant atoms - the atoms that are present at lambda = 0 and absent at lambda = 1. 3) The product atoms - the atoms that are absent at lambda = 0 and present at lambda = 1. 4) The COLO atoms - atoms that are present in both the reactant and product but change charge in going from one to the other. Certain basic premises underly our approach. Energy values are factored by lambda (or functions thereof), never the energy functions themselves. The standard energy routines are called unchanged and can be modified without requiring changes to the perturbation routines as long as the calling sequence remains the same. Potential energy terms are written to output during a trajectory and in the case of the window method trajectories can be combined. Futhermore any lambda -> lambda' can be calculated post priori and additional lambda points can be added as desired. Most other implementations do not appear to allow this. There is, however, a price entailed namely a certain amount of redundant calculation. Furthermore , purely as a matter of conceptual preference, the entire perturbation part of the Hamiltonian is facter by lambda in the same way. There has been some advocacy of factoring the attractive and repulsive part of the Lennard-Jones potential with different powers of lambda (see Cross). We want to calculate the potential energy U(lambda) = Uenv + (1-lambda)**N Ureac + lambda**N Uprod, where N is positive integer exponent and Uenv is the energy of the common environment part of the system. The residue topology file for the system undergoing the perturbation has all the internal coordinate terms for both the product and reactant parts and the regular CHARMM energy routine calculates an energy term that in it's sum contains part of Ureac and Uprod along with Uenv and in certain cases, as will be discussed shortly, an additional term that needs to be removed. The residue description must contain non-bonded exclusions between the product and reactant atoms. Of course, none of this is factored correctly, or at all, by lambda. The approach to obtaining a the correct U(lambda) is an indirect one. Instead of making it so that the normal energy routine calculates Uenv only and having the perturbation energy routine calcuated determine (1-lambda)**N Ureac + lambda**N Uprod, we have it instead calculate the amount that must be subtracted from the normal energy routine value (here after referred to as Unorm) to get U(lambda). The previous statement must be amended for the case where there are COLO atoms. Then, Unorm contains a term that must be totally removed and is missing some terms completely, which must be added. For the internal coordinate energy terms and the non-bonded van der Waals interactions, the amount that must be subtracted from Unorm to obtain U(lambda) is given by: U(lambda) = Unorm + Ucorr since, U(lambda) = U(env) + (1 - lambda)**N Ureac + lambda**N Uprod and Unorm = U(env) + Ureac + Uprod then -Ucorr = [1-(1-lambda)**N]Ureac + [1-lambda**N]Uprod . We have currently ignored the electrostatic terms. If there are no COLO atoms the above expressions hold true for those terms as well. If there are COLO atoms , the situation becomes a bit more complicated. To discuss this the following nomenclature is introduced: [reac| reac,colo-r,env] The expression above indicates the calculation of the electrostatic interaction between reactant atoms and 1) other reactant atoms 2) COLO atoms with the reactant energy charges and 3) with environment atoms. Unorm contains the following electrostatic terms: [reac| reac, colo-r, env] + [color | prod, colo-r, env] + [prod | prod, env] The term [ colo-r | prod ] must be removed in it's entirety (product atoms do not interact with reactant charges (colo-r). And the missing interactions involving colo-p (product) charges must be added (suitably factored by lambda). To do this Ucorr must contain: (1 - (1 - lambda)**N) { [reac | reac, colo-r, env] + [colo-r | colo-r, env] } + (1 - lambda**N)[prod | prod, env] + 1[color|prod] - lambda**N [colo-p | colo-p, prod, env] Note that -Ucorr is passed from the perturbation energy routine, thus the negative term (last one) actually adds what is totally missing from Unorm. The electrostatic contribution to Ucorr is actually calculated in an even more round-about fashion than that which is given above. First both the van der Waal's and electrostatic interactions involving reactant and product atoms with everything (except interactions between reactant and product atoms) are calculated. The reactant colo-r charges are used for this. This provides the term: (1 -(1-lambda)**N)[reac | env, colo-r, reac ] and (1 - lambda**N)[prod | env, colo-r, prod ]. If there are no COLO atoms, this is all we need (absent the colo-r term in the expressions). Otherwise, three more calculations, involving only the electrostatic energy, are required. The first involves interactions between colo-r charges with environment and other colo-r charges: (1-(1-lambda)**N)[colo-r | env, colo-r] Next the colo-r product atom electrostatic interaction is calculated and factored by a function of lambda that compensates for the amount in the second ([prod | colo-r ...] ) calculation. In that term, 1-lambda**N[prod | colo-r] is included so we must determine, (lambda**N)[colo-r| prod] (Since the quantity (1-lambda**N) is calculated once we actually use, (1 - (1 - lambda**N))[colo-r| prod] Following this the colo-r charges are exchanged, temporarily, for colo-p and the last calculations is done. The final expression is: -lambda**N [colo-p | prod, env, colo-p] Which actually adds (see above) the missing interaction into the total potential energy. The colo-r charges are restored after this. The same procedure is done for the image atom calculation. It is obvious that some optimization of this method is achievable. One possibility is that by sorting the atom list so that COLO, reactant and product atoms appear at the top of the list in that order, most of the non-bonded list checking can be avoided and the copying of data structures on the heap eliminated. A more radical change would be to edit the non-bonded lists so that the normal energy routine calculates only Uenv and the perturbation routines calculated Ureac and Uprod directly. The presence of the COLO atoms makes both procedures more complicated. However, there does not appear to be a viable alternative to the COLO atoms that is consistant with our approach.
Top File Formats This node provides information on the FES output file format. The data file created during dynamics can only be written as an ASCII formatted file. It starts with a title that is written using the subroutine WRITITL and thus has the standard CHARMM title format. After terminating the title with a line containing an asterisk in the first column and nothing else, an information line follows, containing: NSTEP, PERFRQ, NDEGF, NPUMB, LPOWER - 5(I6,1X) The first two numbers are not currently used by the post-processor. NDEGF, the number of degrees of freedom is used if the CTEMp flag is set. Npumb is the number of umbrella dihedral angles. If the UMBR flag is set in the PROCess command and NPUMB is non-zero, the umbrella sampling correction will be effected. LPOWER is the exponent for lambda scaling. Every PFREQ steps the FES information is written out the unit specified in the SAVE statement. If umbrella sampling is invoked the format is as follows: NPRIV,AKMATI,LAMBDA,E,VPRTTR,VPRTTP,VPRTNR,VPRTNP, VPRTVR,VPRTVP,VPRTER,VPRTEP,TOTE,TOTKE,PUMEP FORMAT(I12,2(1X,1PG24.16E2),/,3(2(1PG24.16E2,1X), 1 1PG24.16E2,/),2(1PG24.16E2,1X),1PG24.16E2) If umbrella sampling is not invoked it is as follows: NPRIV,AKMATI,LAMBDA,E,VPRTTR,VPRTTP,VPRTNR,VPRTNP, VPRTVR,VPRTVP,VPRTER,VPRTEP,TOTE,TOTKE FORMAT(I12,2(1X,1PG24.16E2),/,3(2(1PG24.16E2,1X), 1 1PG24.16E2,/),1PG24.16E2,1X,1PG24.16E2) Where: NPRIV step number AKMATI timestep in wierd CHARMM units LAMBDA value of lambda at timestep E total potential energy VPRTTR V(reactant) potential energy VPRTTP V(product) "" VPRTNR V(reactant) potential energy vdw + electrostatic VPRTNP V(product) "" VPRTVR V(reactant) potential energy vdw VPRTVP V(product) "" VPRTER V(reactant) potential energy electrostatic VPRTEP V(product) "" TOTE Total energy (potential + kinetic) TOTKE Total kinetic energy. and with umbrella sampling: PUMEP The exp[-beta(Vsur - Vact)] term.
Top Internal Coordinate Implementation and File Formats We describe how we have incorporated the double-wide, multiple-point, window method for computing conformational free energy surfaces into internal coordinate constraint and perturbation code with other CHARMM routines, and it also shows the order in which the tasks are carried out, as well as the format of the perturbation data file. The primary internal coordinate (i.c.) constraint, perturbation, and post-processing commands, as well as other TSM commands, are parsed in the subroutine TSMS. When an i.c. constraint command is read, TSMS calls ICFSET to parse the remainder of the command and to set-up the data needed for the constraint resetting algorithm. When an i.c. perturbation command is read, TSMS calls ICPSET to parse the remainder of the command and to set-up the data needed to do the i.c. perturbations. Post-processing command parsing and set-up is handled by the subroutine TSMP. Some time after the constraints and perturbations are specified, a dynamics command is issued and the dynamics is set up. During the dynamics set-up, a "header" is written to the i.c. perturbation data file (opened on unit iunicp) using the following fortran write statement in the subroutine DCNTRL: write(iunicp,100) nicp,icpinc,ndegf,delta 100 format(3i6,f12.6) The variable nicp is the number of internal coordinates that will be perturbed, icpinc is the number of subintervals, ndegf is the number of degrees of freedom, and delta is the timestep in AKMA units. After the dynamics is set-up, DCNTRL calls DYNAMC to integrate the equations of motion. The main dynamics loop in DYNAMC is summarized in the following pseudo-fortran code: do istep = istart,istop * loop over number of steps ... call ENERGY * get U(z) and forces take unconstrained dynamics step call SHAKEA * satisfy shake and i.c. cons. ... call DYNICP * do pert. and get int. E�s; ... end do The subroutine ENERGY calculates the total potential energy and the forces needed to propagate the dynamics. After an unconstrained dynamics step is taken, SHAKEA is called to satisfy the SHAKE and i.c. constraints in an iterative fashion. We have to iterate the SHAKE and i.c. constraints together, because the SHAKE constraint resetting may cause an ic constraint to be violated, and vice versa. This constraint resetting procedure is illustrated with the following pseudo-code: do while (.not.done) * e.g. until shake has converged perform iteration of shake cons. resetting call icfcns * satisfy i.c. constraints done = done.and..not.anyadj * if any i.c. constraints * were adjusted, anyadj = .true. end do while After the constraints are satisfied, DYNICP is called to do the double- wide, multiple-point perturbations and calculate the interaction energies. In DYNICP, the subroutine EIICP is called first to compute the interaction energy of the unperturbed system (esbnp). Then the internal coordinate values are obtained and some data is written to the perturbation data file: call EIICP * get E for unperturbed system (esbnp) do i = 1,nicp get icval(1,i) * get unperturbed i.c. values end do c write data for unperturbed system: write(iunicp,100) npriv,akmati,tote,totke,esbnp 100 format(i7,f10.4,3d16.8) The two-dimensional array icval holds the internal coordinate values. The unperturbed values are held in the first row, the values from the forward perturbation in the second row, and the values from the reverse perturbation in the third row. The data written to the data file includes the number of the current dynamics step (npriv), the current simulation time in AKMA units (akmati), the total energy (tote), total kinetic energy (totke), and the interaction energy of the unperturbed system (esbnp). Next, the unperturbed coordinates are copied into temporary arrays so they can be restored after the perturbations have been carried out. Then the double-wide, multiple point perturbations are carried out in a loop over subintervals. The forward perturbation in each subinterval is done first, followed by the reverse perturbation. The subroutine MVICP moves the atoms involved in the perturbations using the algorithms described above, and EIICP computed the interaction energies. The following pseudo- code shows how these tasks are dispatched: copy coords. into temp. arrays scale = 0.0 dscale = 1.0/icpinc do inc = 1,icpinc * loop over subintervals scale = scale + dscale call mvicp * move atoms by scale*dz call eiicp * get int. E for forward pert. (esbfp) do i = 1,nicp get icval(2,i) * get perturbed i.c. values end do restore coords. from temp. arrays call mvicp * move atoms by �scale*dz call eiicp * get E for reverse pert. (esbrp) do i = 1,nicp get icval(3,i) * get perturbed i.c. values end do After all of the atoms have been moved and the interaction energies have been computed for the forward and reverse perturbations in a subinterval, the interaction energies and internal coordinate values are written to the data file, and the unperturbed coordinates are restored in preparation for the next subinterval (or the next dynamics step): c write interaction energies of perturbed systems write(iunicp,101) scale,esbfp,esbrp 101 format(7x,f10.4,2d16.8) c write internal coordinate values do i = 1,nicp write(iunicp,102) ic,icptyp(i),icval(1,i),icval(2,i),icval(3,i) 102 format(9x,2i4,3d16.8) end do restore coordinates from temp. arrays end do